![]() ![]() Recent advances and increased efficacy of light-emitting diode (LED) fixtures have made sole-source lighting and indoor production more feasible for certain types of production. is often less than that incurred with sole-source lighting, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning used in indoor production systems. ![]() However, the energy cost of greenhouse heating, lighting, and fans, etc. Indoor plant factories and vertical farms can be more precisely controlled, especially for difficult to grow (i.e., tissue-culture transplants) and high-value young plants, to improve uniformity and quality while reducing production time and losses. This in turn makes consistent year-round production of food crops challenging. Although greenhouses are an example of CEs, it is often difficult to maintain consistent temperatures, radiation levels, and carbon dioxide (CO 2) concentrations throughout the year. Gloeckner Foundation and Project GREEEN and The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Ĭurrently, the United States (U.S.) demand for culinary herbs exceeds domestic production, even with controlled environment (CE) production area increasing by 134% and the number of operations increasing by 62% from 2009 to 2014. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The data underlying the results presented in the study are available from GitHub ( ).įunding: RGL and KW GR19-019 Fred C. Received: MaAccepted: AugPublished: August 25, 2022Ĭopyright: © 2022 Walters, Lopez. PLoS ONE 17(8):Įditor: Christophe Hano, Universite d’Orleans, FRANCE Therefore, increasing radiation intensity during seedling production under sole-source lighting can carry over to increase subsequent yield and eugenol concentration during finished production.Ĭitation: Walters KJ, Lopez RG (2022) Basil seedling production environment influences subsequent yield and flavor compound concentration during greenhouse production. s ‒1 as seedlings compared to lower intensities.Additionally, after growing in a common environment for three weeks, eugenol concentration was greater in plants grown under a PPFD of 600 μmol s ‒1, basil seedlings were 38% taller, had a 713% larger leaf area, and had 65% thicker stems at harvest, plants were 24% taller, had 56% more branches, 28% more nodes, 22% thicker stems, and weighed 80% more when fresh and dry.As radiation intensity during seedling production increased from 100 to 600 μmol Radiation intensity and CO 2 interacted influencing many aspects of plant morphology, though CO 2 concentration effects were less pronounced than those of radiation intensity. At transplant and three weeks after transplant (harvest), growth and developmental differences were quantified along with key terpenoid and phenylpropanoid concentrations at harvest. After two weeks, seedlings were transplanted into a common greenhouse environment and grown until harvest. mol ‒1 under light-emitting diodes (LEDs) providing target photosynthetic photon flux densities ( PPFD) of 100, 200, 400, or 600 μmol.Sweet basil ‘Nufar’ seedlings were grown in growth chambers with target CO 2 concentrations of 500 or 1,000 μmol Therefore, the objectives of this research were to: 1) quantify the extent radiation intensity and CO 2 concentration under sole-source lighting influence morphology and yield of sweet basil ( Ocimum basilicum) seedlings, and 2) determine if differences in morphology, yield, and volatile organic compound (VOC) concentration persist after transplant in a common environment. Due to increased plant densities during seedling production, fewer inputs per plant are required, creating the potential to increase production efficiency. Radiation intensity and carbon dioxide (CO 2) concentration can be precisely controlled to manipulate plant yield and quality. ![]()
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